Native Speaker - Definition and Examples in English

In language studies, native speaker  is a controversial term for a person who  speaks  and writes using his or her  native language  (or mother tongue). Put simply, the traditional view is that the language of a native speaker is determined by birthplace. Contrast with non-native speaker. Linguist Braj Kachru identifies native speakers of English as those who have grown up in the Inner Circle  of countries—Britain, America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. An extremely proficient speaker of a second language  is sometimes referred to as a near-native speaker. When a person acquires a second-language at a very young age, the distinction between native and non-native speaker becomes ambiguous. A child may be a native speaker of more than one language as long as the acquisition process starts early, says Alan Davies. After puberty (Felix, 1987), it becomes difficult—not impossible, but very difficult (Birdsong, 1992)—to become a native speaker. (The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 2004). In recent years, the concept of the native speaker has come under criticism, especially in connection with the study of World English,  New Englishes, and English as a Lingua Franca:   While there may be linguistic differences between native and non-native speakers of English, the native speaker is really a political construct carrying a particular ideological baggage (Stephanie Hackert in World Englishes--Problems, Properties and Prospects, 2009). Examples and Observations The terms native speaker and non-native speaker suggest a clear-cut distinction that doesnt really exist. Instead it can be seen as a continuum, with someone who has complete control of the language in question at one end, to the beginner at the other, with an infinite range of proficiencies to be found in between.(Caroline Brandt, Success on Your Certificate Course in English Language Teaching. Sage, 2006) The Common-Sense View The concept of a native speaker seems clear enough, doesnt it? It is surely a common sense idea, referring to people who have a special control over a language, insider knowledge about their language. . . . But just how special is the native speaker? This common-sense view is important and has practical implications, . . . but the common-sense view alone is inadequate and needs the support and explanation given by a thorough theoretical discussion is lacking.(Alan Davies, The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Multilingual Matters, 2003) The Ideology of the Native Speaker Model [T]he notion of native speaker--sometimes referred to as the ideology of the native speaker model—in the field of second language education has been a powerful principle that influences almost every aspect of language teaching and learning . . .. The notion of native speaker takes for granted the homogeneity among, and superiority of the linguistic competence of native speakers and legitimizes the unequal power relations between native and non-native speakers. (Neriko Musha Doerr and Yuri Kumagai, Towards a Critical Orientation in Second Language Education.  The Native Speaker Concept. Walter de Gruyter, 2009) An Ideal Native Speaker I know several foreigners whose command of English I could not fault, but they themselves deny they are native speakers. When pressed on this point, they draw attention to such matters as . . . their lack of awareness of childhood associations, their limited passive knowledge of varieties, the fact that there are some topics which they are more comfortable discussing in their first language. I couldn’t make love in English, said one man to me. . . . In an ideal native speaker, there is a chronologically based awareness, a continuum from birth to death where there are no gaps. In an ideal non-native speaker, this continuum either does not start with birth, or if it does, the continuum has been significantly broken at some point. (I’m a case of the latter, in fact, having been brought up in a Welsh-English environment until nine, then moving to England, where I promptly forgot most of my Welsh, and would no longer now claim to be a native speaker, even though I have many childhood associations and instinctive forms.)(David Crystal, quoted by T. M. Paikeday in The Native Speaker Is Dead: An Informal Discussion of a Linguistic Myth. Paikeday, 1985)

Parkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorder

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration and cell loss of the substantia nigra, which causes disturbances of voluntary motor control [5]. It impairs ones ability to produce movements and is commonly associated with difficulties of daily living. Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects approximately 1.5% to 2.0% of the population over the age of sixty years old [2] and â€Å"†¦ it is estimated that 6 million individuals worldwide are currently living with PD,† [7] (pg323). Parkinson’s sufferers often experience physical distress and an altered quality of life. Pathophysiology, Risk Factors and Diagnostic Techniques A popular joke among college science majors is â€Å"you make my dopamine levels go all silly,† in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain affecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system [1]. Among the basal ganglia network, clusters of nerve cells known as substantia nigra and their nuclei, synthesize dopamine by mesencephalic neurons [2]. It is the slow disintegration of substantia nigra that lead to Parkinson’s disease affectingShow MoreRelatedBiological Hazards And Physical Hazards1051 Words   |à ‚  5 Pagesresponse and related behavioral pathways through neural networks and interconnected neurohormonal and immune patterns. The capacity of human beings to learn about, imagine, remember, and anticipate stressful situations and their warning signs can create chronic states of vigilant arousal in the body. 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Even if evidence cannot definitively determine if these lifestyle changes directly relate to a prolonged life, there are correlations that have been developed in a multitude of studies. In terms of Parkinson’s disease, it has been proven time and time again that the slowing of motor function can beRead MoreNeurodevelopmental And Neurocognitive Disorders1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Jackeline Rodriguez Psy/410 September 10th, 2014 Caroline Simpson Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders â€Å"The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of severely disabling conditions that are among the most difficult to understand and treat. They make up about 3.2 percent of cases seen In inpatient settings (Sverd et al., 1995). They are considered to be the result of some structural differences in the brain that are usually evidentRead MorePotential Therapeutic Treatment Options For Psychiatric Disorders1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe early 1990 s discovery of the naturally occurring endocannabinnoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the human brain, preclinical and clinical trials focusing on plant derived cannabinnoids have begun to regain momentum. This paper focuses on the cannabinnoids Cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) as potential therapeutic treatment options for psychiatric disorders. It contains an overview of studies and trials which used CBD and Δ9-THC to treat memory disorders, Schizophrenia,Read MoreWhy I Am A Master Degree840 Words   |  4 Pagesneurological disorders, and a professional program in neurological diseases is my aim. This is sparked by my gut-wrenchingly understanding of what my father, a patient with essential tremor, has been through. He was admitted into Sichuan University to study mechanical engineering; however, his tremble hands impeded him from sketching or writing, stultified his previous endeavors and evaporated his dreams. My father’s suffering is not an isolated case: millions of patients are plagued by these diseases. TheRead MoreParkinson’S Disease. Abstract. Parkinson’S Disease Is A2430 Words   |  10 PagesParkinson’s Disease Abstract Parkinson’s Disease is a very common disorder these days. Over 10 million people live daily with Parkinson worldwide. Parkinson’s Disease was named after an English surgeon James Parkinson who wrote a detailed description essay called Shaking Palsy in 1817. The average age for Parkinson’s Disease is between 45 to 70 years old but you can also have juvenile or young onset as well. Most common symptoms of Parkinson are tremors, bradykinesia or akinesia, or rigidity orRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreI Will Choose Gene Therapy1799 Words   |  8 PagesI will choose gene therapy for this assignment. According to Genetics Home reference (2015), â€Å"gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.† Gene therapy made many medical accomplishments in less than two decades (American Society of Gene Cell Therapy, 2015). According to American Society of Gene Cell Therapy

Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw Free Essays

Tuck Everlasting Winifred Foster Winifred (Winnie) Foster was born into an affluent family. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foster owned the nearby forest. One day while she was catching lightning bugs Winnie was visited by a peculiar man in a yellow suit, he was looking for someone, but he didn’t say who. The next day Winnie ran away after getting annoyed by her parents†¦ The Tucks The Tucks had a secret. In the forest owned by the fosters there is a fresh water spring if you drink this water you will stay the way you are forever and never die. Without knowing about the defect the Tucks drunk some of the water out of the spring. Now in the 1880’s, 85 years later from when they drunk from the spring they were still alive without their secret being discovered yet†¦ Both Worlds Collide Until Winnie Foster sees Jesse Tuck drinking from the spring. To keep her from telling the secret the Tucks temporarily â€Å"kidnap† her promising to take her back home once she understood the reason why she could not tell anyone about the spring. Soon rouble rises when the peculiar man in the yellow suit hears Mae Tuck telling Winnie about the spring. What will happen to the Tucks and Winnie? Read this book to find out. My Opinion This book was not one of my favorites because I like books that have more mystery and romance in them and Tuck Everlasting is a little more historical fiction. Movie vs. Book People always say the book is always better than the movie but in my opinion this was not the case with Tuck Everlasting. After watching the movie I was a bit isappointed that the book was not better. I actually liked the movie’s plot better than the books because of the following reason’s. 1. In the book Winnie is 10 turning 11 but, in the movie Winnie was 14 going on 15. 1 think that 15 was a good age for Winnie to because of the events that happened it seemed more likely for a girl who is 15 to experience all these things rather than a girl who was 11 . 2. In the book all the main events happened in a span of 3 days while in the movie he events happened in a time span of weeks. How to cite Tuck Everlasting Book Reveiw, Papers

Consumerism is Beneficial to U.S. Society free essay sample

Consumerism can be defined in different ways. First, it refers to the policies or movement targeted at controlling the services, products, techniques and principles of sellers, manufacturers and advertisers in the interest of the purchaser. Such sort of control may be statutory, institutional, or exemplified in a charitable code agreed to by a specific industry, or it may occur indirectly from the pressure of consumer associations. Consumerism also refers to the theory that a gradually superior use of products is economically beneficial. It can also refer to the accessory of money-oriented values or possessions which deplore the uncontrolled consumerism of the modern society (Twitchell, 2002). Some people argue that consumerism has a lot of negative influence to the United States society yet more others argue that consumerism is actually beneficial to the US society. I strongly believe that consumerism is extremely beneficial to US society because the government, through its regulatory agencies makes sure there is consumer protection. Consumerism also enhances economic growth, competition between corporations and diversity of choices. However, consumerism also makes the society materialistic. Highlighted are some of the reasons why consumerism is significant in US and they are supported with evidences from different articles mentioned. Reason A: Consumerism enhances diversity of choices Evidence 1: There is too much in the world that makes people enjoy life and at least appreciate the reason why they are on earth. According to the article, Does Money Buy Happiness? written by Don Peck and Ross Douthat, it is clear that things that make people happy on earth include drink, food, entertainment and merchandise all of which are acquired with the availability of money. Peck and Douthat argue that despite the fact that money cannot buy everything in life, they facilitate happiness. The authors provide evidence by stating that richer nations are generally happier than poorer nations because they have stable economies while the poorer nations suffer from unstable economies (Peck and Douthat, 2003). This is because richer nations offer its people with the chance to acquire several things through credit which enables them to buy goods or services in large quantities. Consumption also enables people to acquire a sense of status because they obtain numerous items and upgrades all through their life. Evidence 2: The same concept of diversity of choices and happiness is outlined in the article, Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialistic, by Mihaly Csikszentmihaly who argues that evolution has come with two motivational factors in life which are pleasure and enjoyment. These are some of the things which make people happy because once the economy of a nation is stable; it contains lots of companies which compete in production of goods and services that become easily obtainable making people happy (Csikszentmihaly, 2003). Enjoyment brings forth satisfaction which is brought about by making consumption our way of life. This can only happen if there is diversity of choices which is also brought about by an extremely productive economy. Evidence 3: According to John Schumaker’s article, The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does It mean to be Happy in a Modern Consumer Society? Diversity of items and entities that promote happiness has made several people happy in the world especially in richer nations which stable economy. Schumaker argues that personal happiness is extremely significant and it is the reason why there are how to be happy books, article, TV programs, websites videos and institutions offering happiness courses such as happiness counseling, joyology, life-lift and happiness coaching among others (Schumaker, 2006). All these exist to boost positive thinking and enhance the ability to be satisfied. Generally, diversity offers people a wide range of options when purchasing products and services. Reason B: Consumerism facilitates economic growth Evidence 1: James Twichell states clearly in his article, Needing the Unnecessary that a person is not what he or she makes but what he or she consume. The moment a person is given the opportunity to choose what he or she will consume, everybody goes for the best. The best means what is good for them in terms of quality and benefits (Twitchell, 2002). The best can also mean satisfaction which defines consumerism. Twichell is clear that what people consume depends with the availability of resources in the country and the economic status of a nation. A stable economy nation usually has diversity of products and services which makes it easier for people to acquire what their hearts desires for consumption. Evidence 2: The article The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does It mean to be Happy in a Modern Consumer Society? talks much about how to become happy in the modern society. It states that the initial thing that determines ones happiness is the stability of the nation. Once the economy of a nation is stable, everything becomes okay (Schumaker, 2006). For example, if the economy of a nation is stable, essential products like food, shelter and clothes are always available in large quantities. Such products coupled with services like enhanced security and efficient water supply makes people live easy and satisfactory lives. Consumer happiness enables people to develop thus build on the economy of the nation. Evidence 3: Don Peck and Ross Douthat’s article Does Money Buy Happiness? clearly states that richer nations are essentially happier than poorer nations and the more people are happy the more the economy grows (Peck and Douthat, 2003). Reason C: Consumerism enhances creation of employment and facilitates competition between companies Evidence 1: Csikszentmihaly confirms in his article that economic growth is all about stabilizing the nation through job creation and enhancement of production. Once people are satisfied with what the nation offers, the shift goes to the production companies which have to be extremely competitive because happy people will always go for the best. Evidence 2: Peck and Douthat also confirm that richer nations have happier people than poor nations because the citizens in richer nations easily get what they want including jobs and good products and services. Good products and services come across when there is stiff competition between the production companies. Evidence 3: Schumaker states that what makes people happy in the modern consumer society is there satisfaction with what they get (Schumaker, 2006). This puts pressure on companies to produce high quality products because poor products will never get market in such societies. That is why US is a better place today because there are lots of quality products than in other nations. Refutation Reason: consumerism is an addictive lifestyle which makes people materialistic. Evidence 1: According to Twichell (Needing the Unnecessary), people wish to live a good lifestyle just because they do not understand the negative impact of such a life. First, he mentions that luxurious lifestyle makes people always be addicted to unnecessary things which they can do without (Twitchell, 2002). Evidence 2: Schumaker also mentions in his article that happiness makes people become materialistic since they adopts a culture which can lead them to go into unnecessary debts because they wish to purchase fashionable, best products in the market some of which they cannot afford (Schumaker, 2006). Evidence 3: It is clear that the satisfaction brought about by economic growth makes people become materialistic and choosey. They usually adopt the culture of going for the best in order to be satisfied. According to the article Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialistic, the problem of such addiction is that because life is not the same every day, people may sometimes suffer a lot when things go astray (Csikszentmihaly, 2003). For example, when a person looses a job and he or she is used to a luxurious life, it becomes difficult for such an individual to adopt a hardship life thus making them leave in a lot of pain and stress. Personal Experience Sometimes back when I was still at my early teenage hood, I also thought life was all about wearing good and fashionable clothes, living luxurious life and enjoying every moment of my life since my dad was rich and could provide me with everything I needed. This means that I had become too materialistic that I could not do without some things. However, my dad was thrown away from work after some misunderstandings. That is when I realized that the desire for material objects is actually a negative because it was too difficult for me to adopt the new life of staying without money (Twitchell, 2002). The new life was all about making ends meet not acquiring what my heart desired. The only obligation my dad remained with was to make sure his family does not go without food but the rest, well, we could do without because we could not afford. It was extremely difficult for me to adjust because I was already addicted to a happy life and the transition affected even my performance in school (Schumaker, 2006). Nevertheless, I do not regret that today because it was one way God used to show me that life is not all about being materialistic. In conclusion, I believe that consumerism is extremely beneficial to our society but it is important to note the effects of being materialistic. People should leave happy lives because it makes them healthy and progressive although they should be conscious about the impacts of getting addicted to consumerism. References Don Peck and Ross Douthat, (2003) Does Money Buy Happiness? Atlantic Media, Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/01/does-money-buy-happiness/308430/ John Schumaker’s (2006). The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does It mean to be Happy in a Modern Consumer Society? Retrieved from http://newint.org/columns/essays/2006/07/01/happiness-conspiracy/ Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, (2003). Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialistic. Retrieved from https://depaul.digication.com/the_faces_behind_the_masked_villains/Rhetorical_Analysis_of_Enjoyment_as_an_Alternative Twitchell, James B. (2002). Needing the Unnecessary. Reasons 34.4 retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2002/08/01/needing-the-unnecessary